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cultural area
In anthropology and geography, a cultural region, cultural sphere, cultural area or culture area refers to a geographical area with one relatively homogeneous human activity or complex of activities (culture). These are often associated with an ethnolinguistic group and the territory it inhabits. Specific cultures often do not limit their geographic coverage to the borders of a nation state, or to smaller subdivisions of a state. Cultural "spheres of influence" may also overlap or form concentric structures of macrocultures encompassing smaller local cultures. Different boundaries may also be drawn depending on the particular aspect of interest, such as religion and folklore vs. dress and architecture vs. language.
Cultural areas are not considered equivalent to ''Kulturkreis'' (Culture circles).
==History of the concept==
A culture area is a concept in cultural anthropology, in which a geographic region and time sequence (age area) is characterized by substantially uniform environment and culture.〔(Brown, Nina "Friedrich Ratzel, Clark Wissler, and Carl Sauer: Culture Area Research and Mapping" University of California, Santa Barbara, CA. ) Webarchive of http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/15;〕 The concept of culture areas was originated by museum curators and ethnologists during the late 1800s as means of arranging exhibits. Clark Wissler and Alfred Kroeber further developed the concept on the premise that they represent long-standing cultural divisions.〔Wissler, Clark (ed.) (1975) ''Societies of the Plains Indians'' AMS Press, New York, ISBN 0-404-11918-2 , Reprint of v. 11 of ''Anthropological papers of the American Museum of Natural History'', published in 13 pts. from 1912 to 1916.〕〔Kroeber, Alfred L. (1939) ''Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America'' University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.〕〔Kroeber, Alfred L. "The Cultural Area and Age Area Concepts of Clark Wissler" In Rice, Stuart A. (ed.) (1931) ''Methods in Social Science'' pp. 248-265. University of Chicago Press, Chicago;〕 The concept is criticized by some, who argue that the basis for classification is arbitrary. But other researchers disagree and the organization of human communities into cultural areas remains a common practice throughout the social sciences.〔 The definition of culture areas is enjoying a resurgence of practical and theoretical interest as social scientists conduct more research on processes of cultural globalization.〔Gupta, Akhil and James Ferguson (1997). ''Culture, Power, Place: Explorations in Critical Anthropology.'' Durham, NC: Duke University Press.〕
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